中國(guó)封建時(shí)代的“官職稱(chēng)謂”較為復(fù)雜,“官銜 ”與“官職 ”名稱(chēng)眾多,各種各樣、有不同等級(jí)的“官爵”,不同于西方的體制,翻譯時(shí)要注意。下面由杭州中譯翻譯公司為您對(duì)古文官職稱(chēng)謂翻譯作簡(jiǎn)單介紹。
夏商周三代是我國(guó)奴隸制度形成與發(fā)展時(shí)期,實(shí)行君主專(zhuān)制與分封貴族相結(jié)合的政體。秦代建立專(zhuān)制的中央集權(quán)制的國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu),皇帝為國(guó)家最高統(tǒng)治者的稱(chēng)號(hào),自稱(chēng)“朕”,建立了由“三公”(丞相、太尉、御史大夫)和諸卿組成的中央政府?!皾h承秦制”,隋唐確立了三省六部制,在中央建立了尚書(shū)、門(mén)下、內(nèi)史(唐為"中書(shū)”),并以尚書(shū)省為六部核心。明清時(shí)期,專(zhuān)制主義的中央集權(quán)己經(jīng)走向極致,國(guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)的組織形式與工作程序比任何朝代都要嚴(yán)密。主 要設(shè)立了省、州、府三級(jí)地方政府。省設(shè)有三司:布政司、提刑按察使司、都指揮使司,分別掌管行政、監(jiān)察與司法。省下屬有府、長(zhǎng)官為知府,次之有縣或是州,設(shè)知縣或知州。清代只是增設(shè)了理藩院、專(zhuān)管蒙古、新疆和西藏等少數(shù)民族事宜。
封建時(shí)代主要官銜與職位從“三公九卿”(three councilors and nine ministers)到各級(jí)“衙門(mén)目吏(yamen officials),共七品官職:
一品(大員)the first-rank official; the highest official
二品(高官)the second-rank official
三品(命官)the third-rank official
四品(朝臣) the fourth-rank official
五品(官員) the fifth-rank official
六品(縣丞)the 6th-rank official
七品(知鎮(zhèn))he seventh-rank official
丞相(宰相,相國(guó))(the)prime minister
御史大夫 assistant prime minister;secretary
太尉 the highest military officer/governor
大司徒(丞相)chief minister
大司空(御史大夫) chief minister
大司馬(太尉)chief military officer 太師 / 太傅 grand tutor to the crown prince
太保 / 少師 / 少傅 / 少保 official assisting the three councilors for the emperor;official tutor for the crown
司徒 minister of culture,land and personnel
司馬 minister of war
司空 minister of public works
司寇 minister of justice
總督 governor general ;viceroy
柱國(guó) highest military officer
巡撫 governor of a province
撫臺(tái) military governor
吏部尚書(shū) minister of personnel
戶(hù)部尚書(shū) minister of revenue
工部尚書(shū) minister of works
禮部尚書(shū) minister of rites
兵部尚書(shū) minister of war
刑部尚書(shū) minister of punishment
知州 magistrate/prefect of a prefecture
知府 / 知縣 / 知事 magistrate/of a district/a county prefect of counties
通判 sub-prefect;controller-general
郡守 prefect of a prefecture
太守 prefect of a district
府尹 prefectural magistrate
縣尹(縣令)magistrate of a county
大夫 senior official
廷尉 punishment official
太仆(寺卿)official of transmission and attention
御史censor
太史 court historian
刺史 feudal province
侍郎 assistant minister
總兵 frontier officer
封疆大吏 high provincial official
使者(使節(jié))emissary; envoy
司書(shū) official copyist
元帥 commander; marshal; supreme commander
兵法家 military strategist
將軍 general
儒將 scholar general
宿將 veteran general
將校 / 將領(lǐng) high rank officer
將士 officers and soldiers
侍衛(wèi) royal guard;衛(wèi) 士 bodyguard;武士 / 虎賁 warrior/ royal guards
壯士/勇士/武夫 brave man/fighter;heroic man
騎士 knight;cavalier
士兵 / 兵勇 / 卒 soldiers/fighters
要想翻譯好中國(guó)封建時(shí)代的“官職稱(chēng)謂”,平時(shí)應(yīng)該多了解中國(guó)歷史概況,多做積累,才能在對(duì)古文官職稱(chēng)謂翻譯時(shí)運(yùn)籌帷幄,得心應(yīng)手。